Alle pasienter med påvist blæresvulst gjennomgår initialt transurethral reseksjon (TURB). Denne prosedyren vil gi materiale for diagnose og bestemmelse av T-stadiet. Ved NMIBC vil den i tillegg alene kunne behandle sykdommen ved å fjerne alt svulstvev.
Enkelte pasienter med NMIBC kan likevel ha behov for tilleggsbehandling med intravesikal instillasjonsbehandling (kap. Strålebehandling / Trimodal behandling). Pasienter som ikke responderer på denne behandlingen, kan være kandidater for radikalbehandling. Ved massiv utbredelse av NMIBC, som ikke kan saneres ved TURB, selv med flere prosedyrer, kan radikal cystektomi vurderes. Det samme gjelder for enkelte pasienter med T1HG med eller uten Tis (kap. Systemisk behandling i kurativ hensikt ved blærekreft).
Arends, T. J.,
Nativ, O.,
Maffezzini, M.,
de Cobelli, O.,
Canepa, G.,
Verweij, F.,
Moskovitz, B.,
van der Heijden, A. G.,
& Witjes, J. A.
(2016).Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing Intravesical Chemohyperthermia with Mitomycin C Versus Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for Adjuvant Treatment of Patients with Intermediate- and High-risk Non-Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.European urology,69(6), 1046-52.
Bohle, A.,
Balck, F.,
von Weitersheim, J.,
& Jocham, D.
(1996).The quality of life during intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy.The Journal of urology,155(4), 1221-6.
Bohle, A.,
& Bock, P. R.
(2004).Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression.Urology,63(4), 682-686.
Bohle, A.,
Jocham, D.,
& Bock, P. R.
(2003).Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C for superficial bladder cancer: a formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on recurrence and toxicity.The Journal of urology,169(1), 90-5.
Bouffioux, C.,
Kurth, K. H.,
Bono, A.,
Oosterlinck, W.,
Kruger, C. B.,
De Pauw, M.,
& Sylvester, R.
(1995).Intravesical adjuvant chemotherapy for superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma: results of 2 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer randomized trials with mitomycin C and doxorubicin comparing early versus delayed instillations and short-term versus long-term treatment. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group.The Journal of urology,153(3 Pt 2), 934-41.
Brauers, A.,
Buettner, R.,
& Jakse, G.
(2001).Second resection and prognosis of primary high risk superficial bladder cancer: is cystectomy often too early?.The Journal of urology,165(3), 808-10.
Brausi, M.,
Collette, L.,
Kurth, K.,
van der Meijden, A. P.,
Oosterlinck, W.,
Witjes, J. A.,
Newling, D.,
Bouffioux, C.,
... C, E. G. T. C.
(2002).Variability in the recurrence rate at first follow-up cystoscopy after TUR in stage Ta T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: A combined analysis of seven EORTC studies.European urology,41(5), 523-530.
Cumberbatch, M. G. K.,
Foerster, B.,
Catto, J. W. F.,
Kamat, A. M.,
Kassouf, W.,
Jubber, I.,
Shariat, S. F.,
Sylvester, R. J.,
& Gontero, P.
(2018).Repeat Transurethral Resection in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review.European urology,73(6), 925-933.
de Reijke, T. M.,
Kurth, K. H.,
Sylvester, R. J.,
Hall, R. R.,
Brausi, M.,
van de Beek, K.,
Landsoght, K. E.,
Carpentier, P.,
... Treatment of Cancer-Genito-Urinary, G.
(2005).Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus epirubicin for primary, secondary or concurrent carcinoma in situ of the bladder: results of a European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer--Genito-Urinary Group Phase III Trial (30906).The Journal of urology,173(2), 405-9.
Draga, R. O.,
Grimbergen, M. C.,
Kok, E. T.,
Jonges, T. N.,
van Swol, C. F.,
& Bosch, J. L.
(2010).Photodynamic diagnosis (5-aminolevulinic acid) of transitional cell carcinoma after bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy and mitomycin C intravesical therapy.European urology,57(4), 655-60.
Drejer, D.,
Béji, S.,
Munk Nielsen, A.,
Høyer, S.,
Wrist Lam, G.,
& Jensen, J. B.
(2017).Clinical relevance of narrow-band imaging in flexible cystoscopy: the DaBlaCa-7 study.Scand The Journal of urology,51(2), 120-123.
Fossa, S. D.,
Ous, S.,
& Berner, A.
(1991).Clinical significance of the "palpable mass" in patients with muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy after pre-operative radiotherapy.British journal of urology,67(1), 54-60.
Griffiths, T. R.,
Charlton, M.,
Neal, D. E.,
& Powell, P. H.
(2002).Treatment of carcinoma in situ with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin without maintenance.The Journal of urology,167(6), 2408-12.
Gudjónsson, S.,
Adell, L.,
Merdasa, F.,
Olsson, R.,
Larsson, B.,
Davidsson, T.,
Richthoff, J.,
Hagberg, G.,
... Liedberg, F.
(2009).Should all patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer receive early intravesical chemotherapy after transurethral resection? The results of a prospective randomised multicentre study.European urology,55(4), 773-80.
Han, R. F.,
& Pan, J. G.
(2006).Can intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduce recurrence in patients with superficial bladder cancer? A meta-analysis of randomized trials.Urology,67(6), 1216-1223.
Hermann, G. G.,
Mogensen, K.,
Carlsson, S.,
Marcussen, N.,
& Duun, S.
(2011).Fluorescence-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumours reduces bladder tumour recurrence due to less residual tumour tissue in Ta/T1 patients: a randomized two-centre study.BJU international,108(8 Pt 2), E297-303.
Herr, H. W.
(2012).Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin outcomes in patients with bladder cancer and asymptomatic bacteriuria.The Journal of urology,187(2), 435-7.
Herr, H. W.,
& Dalbagni, G.
(2003).Defining bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory superficial bladder tumors.The Journal of urology,169(5), 1706-8.
Herr, H. W.,
Donat, S. M.,
& Reuter, V. E.
(2007).Management of low grade papillary bladder tumors.The Journal of urology,178(4 Pt 1), 1201-5; discussion 1205.
Hungerhuber, E.,
Stepp, H.,
Kriegmair, M.,
Stief, C.,
Hofstetter, A.,
Hartmann, A.,
Knuechel, R.,
Karl, A.,
... Zaak, D.
(2007).Seven years' experience with 5-aminolevulinic acid in detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.Urology,69(2), 260-4.
Hurle, R.,
Lazzeri, M.,
Colombo, P.,
Buffi, N.,
Morenghi, E.,
Peschechera, R.,
Castaldo, L.,
Pasini, L.,
... Guazzoni, G.
(2016)."En Bloc" Resection of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Prospective Single-center Study.Urology,90, 126-30.
Jahnson, S.,
Wiklund, F.,
Duchek, M.,
Mestad, O.,
Rintala, E.,
Hellsten, S.,
& Malmstrom, P. U.
(2005).Results of second-look resection after primary resection of T1 tumour of the urinary bladder.Scand The Journal of urology Nephrol,39(3), 206-10.
Jakse, G.,
Algaba, F.,
Malmström, P. U.,
& Oosterlinck, W.
(2004).A second-look TUR in T1 transitional cell carcinoma: why?.European urology,45(5), 539-46; discussion 546.
Jakse, G.,
Hall, R.,
Bono, A.,
Holtl, W.,
Carpentier, P.,
Spaander, J. P.,
van der Meijden, A. P.,
& Sylvester, R.
(2001).Intravesical BCG in patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: long-term results of EORTC GU Group phase II protocol 30861.European urology,40(2), 144-150.
Jichlinski, P.,
Guillou, L.,
Karlsen, S. J.,
Malmström, P. U.,
Jocham, D.,
Brennhovd, B.,
Johansson, E.,
Gartner, T.,
... Leisinger, H. J.
(2003).Hexyl aminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy: new diagnostic tool for photodiagnosis of superficial bladder cancer--a multicenter study.The Journal of urology,170(1), 226-9.
Kramer, M. W.,
Altieri, V.,
Hurle, R.,
Lusuardi, L.,
Merseburger, A. S.,
Rassweiler, J.,
Struck, J. P.,
& Herrmann, T. R. W.
(2017).Current Evidence of Transurethral En-bloc Resection of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.European urology focus,3(6), 567-576.
Kulkarni, G. S.,
Hakenberg, O. W.,
Gschwend, J. E.,
Thalmann, G.,
Kassouf, W.,
Kamat, A.,
& Zlotta, A.
(2010).An updated critical analysis of the treatment strategy for newly diagnosed high-grade T1 (previously T1G3) bladder cancer.European urology,57(1), 60-70.
Lamm, D. L.
(1992).Carcinoma in situ.The Urologic clinics of North America,19(3), 499-508.
Lamm, D. L.,
Blumenstein, B. A.,
Crissman, J. D.,
Montie, J. E.,
Gottesman, J. E.,
Lowe, B. A.,
Sarosdy, M. F.,
Bohl, R. D.,
... Crawford, E. D.
(2000).Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study.The Journal of urology,163(4), 1124-9.
Losa, A.,
Hurle, R.,
& Lembo, A.
(2000).Low dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin for carcinoma in situ of the bladder: long-term results.The Journal of urology,163(1), 68-71.
Martinez-Pineiro, J. A.,
Flores, N.,
Isorna, S.,
Solsona, E.,
Sebastian, J. L.,
Pertusa, C.,
Rioja, L. A.,
Martinez-Pineiro, L.,
... Cueto
(2002).Long-term follow-up of a randomized prospective trial comparing a standard 81 mg dose of intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin with a reduced dose of 27 mg in superficial bladder cancer.BJU international,89(7), 671-680.
Martinez-Pineiro, J. A.,
Martinez-Pineiro, L.,
Solsona, E.,
Rodriguez, R. H.,
Gomez, J. M.,
Martin, M. G.,
Molina, J. R.,
Collado, A. G.,
... Madero, R.
(2005).Has a 3-fold decreased dose of bacillus Calmette-Guerin the same efficacy against recurrences and progression of T1G3 and Tis bladder tumors than the standard dose? Results of a prospective randomized trial.The Journal of urology,174(4 Pt 1), 1242-1247.
Matzkin, H.,
Soloway, M. S.,
& Hardeman, S.
(1991).Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate.The Journal of urology,146(5), 1207-12.
Miladi, M.,
Peyromaure, M.,
Zerbib, M.,
Saighi, D.,
& Debre, B.
(2003).The value of a second transurethral resection in evaluating patients with bladder tumours.European urology,43(3), 241-5.
Mowatt, G.,
N'Dow, J.,
Vale, L.,
Nabi, G.,
Boachie, C.,
Cook, J. A.,
Fraser, C.,
& Griffiths, T. R.
(2011).Photodynamic diagnosis of bladder cancer compared with white light cystoscopy: Systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of technology assessment in health care,27(1), 3-10.
Mungan, M. U.,
Canda, A. E.,
Tuzel, E.,
Yorukoglu, K.,
& Kirkali, Z.
(2005).Risk factors for mucosal prostatic urethral involvement in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.European urology,48(5), 760-3.
Naito, S.,
Algaba, F.,
Babjuk, M.,
Bryan, R. T.,
Sun, Y. H.,
Valiquette, L.,
& de la Rosette, J.
(2016).The Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society (CROES) Multicentre Randomised Trial of Narrow Band Imaging-Assisted Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour (TURBT) Versus Conventional White Light Imaging-Assisted TURBT in Primary Non-Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Patients: Trial Protocol and 1-year Results.European urology,70(3), 506-15.
Nasjonalt handlingsprogram med retningslinjer for diagnostikk, behandling og oppfølging av kreft i tykktarm og endetarm(2017).(IS-2644).Oslo:Helsedirektoratet.Hentet fra https://helsedirektoratet.no/retningslinjer/nasjonalt-handlingsprogram-med-retningslinjer-for-diagnostikk-behandling-og-oppfolging-av-kreft-i-tykktarm-og-endetarm
Oddens, J.,
Brausi, M.,
Sylvester, R.,
Bono, A.,
van de Beek, C.,
van Andel, G.,
Gontero, P.,
Hoeltl, W.,
... Oosterlinck, W.
(2013).Final results of an EORTC-GU cancers group randomized study of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin in intermediate- and high-risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder: one-third dose versus full dose and 1 year versus 3 years of maintenance.European urology,63(3), 462-72.
Onishi, T.,
Sasaki, T.,
Hoshina, A.,
& Yabana, T.
(2011).Continuous saline bladder irrigation after transurethral resection is a prophylactic treatment choice for non-muscle invasive bladder tumor.Anticancer research,31(4), 1471-4.
Onishi, T.,
Sugino, Y.,
Shibahara, T.,
Masui, S.,
Yabana, T.,
& Sasaki, T.
(2017).Randomized controlled study of the efficacy and safety of continuous saline bladder irrigation after transurethral resection for the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.BJU international,119(2), 276-282.
Oosterlinck, W.,
Kurth, K. H.,
Schröder, F.,
Bultinck, J.,
Hammond, B.,
& Sylvester, R.
(1993).A prospective European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group randomized trial comparing transurethral resection followed by a single intravesical instillation of epirubicin or water in single stage Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the bladder.The Journal of urology,149(4), 749-52.
Palou, J.,
Baniel, J.,
Klotz, L.,
Wood, D.,
Cookson, M.,
Lerner, S.,
Horie, S.,
Schoenberg, M.,
... Bassi, P.
(2007).Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate.Urology,69(1 Suppl), 50-61.
Picozzi, S. C.,
Ricci, C.,
Gaeta, M.,
Casellato, S.,
Bozzini, G.,
Ratti, D.,
& Carmignani, L.
(2012).Is it oncologically safe performing simultaneous transurethral resection of the bladder and prostate? A meta-analysis on 1,234 patients.International urology and nephrology,44(5), 1325-33.
Ray, E. R.,
Chatterton, K.,
Khan, M. S.,
Chandra, A.,
Thomas, K.,
Dasgupta, P.,
& O'Brien, T. S.
(2010).Hexylaminolaevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy in patients previously treated with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin.BJU international,105(6), 789-94.
Rischmann, P.,
Desgrandchamps, F.,
Malavaud, B.,
& Chopin, D. K.
(2000).BCG intravesical instillations: recommendations for side-effects management.European urology,37 Suppl 1, 33-6.
Schmidbauer, J.,
Witjes, F.,
Schmeller, N.,
Donat, R.,
Susani, M.,
Marberger, M.,
& Hexvix PCB301/01 Study Group
(2004).Improved detection of urothelial carcinoma in situ with hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy.The Journal of urology,171(1), 135-8.
Serretta, V.,
Pavone, C.,
Ingargiola, G. B.,
Daricello, G.,
Allegro, R.,
& Pavone-Macaluso, M.
(2004).TUR and adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy in T1G3 bladder tumors: recurrence, progression and survival in 137 selected patients followed up to 20 years.European urology,45(6), 730-5; discussion 735-6.
Shelley, M. D.,
Kynaston, H.,
Court, J.,
Wilt, T. J.,
Coles, B.,
Burgon, K.,
& Mason, M. D.
(2001).A systematic review of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus transurethral resection vs transurethral resection alone in Ta and T1 bladder cancer.BJU international,88(3), 209-16.
Shelley, M. D.,
Wilt, T. J.,
Court, J.,
Coles, B.,
Kynaston, H.,
& Mason, M. D.
(2004).Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is superior to mitomycin C in reducing tumour recurrence in high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.BJU international,93(4), 485-490.
Solsona, E.,
Iborra, I.,
Ricós, J. V.,
Monrós, J. L.,
Casanova, J.,
& Dumont, R.
(1999).Effectiveness of a single immediate mitomycin C instillation in patients with low risk superficial bladder cancer: short and long-term followup.The Journal of urology,161(4), 1120-3.
Stenzl, A.,
Burger, M.,
Fradet, Y.,
Mynderse, L. A.,
Soloway, M. S.,
Witjes, J. A.,
Kriegmair, M.,
Karl, A.,
... Grossman, H. B.
(2010).Hexaminolevulinate guided fluorescence cystoscopy reduces recurrence in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.The Journal of urology,184(5), 1907-13.
Sugihara, T.,
Yasunaga, H.,
Horiguchi, H.,
Matsui, H.,
Nishimatsu, H.,
Nakagawa, T.,
Fushimi, K.,
Kattan, M. W.,
& Homma, Y.
(2014).Comparison of perioperative outcomes including severe bladder injury between monopolar and bipolar transurethral resection of bladder tumors: a population based comparison.The Journal of urology,192(5), 1355-9.
Sylvester, R. J.,
van der, M. A.,
& Lamm, D. L.
(2002).Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials.The Journal of urology,168(5), 1964-70.
Sylvester, R. J.,
van der Meijden, A.,
Witjes, J. A.,
Jakse, G.,
Nonomura, N.,
Cheng, C.,
Torres, A.,
Watson, R.,
& Kurth, K. H.
(2005).High-grade Ta urothelial carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder.Urology,66(6 Suppl 1), 90-107.
Takenaka, A.,
Yamada, Y.,
Miyake, H.,
Hara, I.,
& Fujisawa, M.
(2008).Clinical outcomes of bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillation therapy for carcinoma in situ of urinary bladder.Int The Journal of urology,15(4), 309-13.
Teoh, J. Y.,
Chan, E. S.,
Yip, S. Y.,
Tam, H. M.,
Chiu, P. K.,
Yee, C. H.,
Wong, H. M.,
Chan, C. K.,
... Ng, C. F.
(2017).Comparison of Detrusor Muscle Sampling Rate in Monopolar and Bipolar Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: A Randomized Trial.Annals of surgical oncology,24(5), 1428-1434.
Tinazzi, E.,
Ficarra, V.,
Simeoni, S.,
Artibani, W.,
& Lunardi, C.
(2006).Reactive arthritis following BCG immunotherapy for urinary bladder carcinoma: a systematic review.Rheumatology international,26(6), 481-8.
Tsivian, A.,
Shtricker, A.,
& Sidi, A. A.
(2003).Simultaneous transurethral resection of bladder tumor and benign prostatic hyperplasia: hazardous or a safe timesaver?.The Journal of urology,170(6 Pt 1), 2241-3.
van der Meijden, A. P.,
Sylvester, R. J.,
Oosterlinck, W.,
Hoeltl, W.,
& Bono, A. V.
(2003).Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for Ta T1 bladder tumors is not associated with increased toxicity: results from a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Group Phase III Trial.European urology,44(4), 429-434.
Venkatramani, V.,
Panda, A.,
Manojkumar, R.,
& Kekre, N. S.
(2014).Monopolar versus bipolar transurethral resection of bladder tumors: a single center, parallel arm, randomized, controlled trial.The Journal of urology,191(6), 1703-7.
Wijkstrom, H.,
Norming, U.,
Lagerkvist, M.,
Nilsson, B.,
Naslund, I.,
& Wiklund, P.
(1998).Evaluation of clinical staging before cystectomy in transitional cell bladder carcinoma: a long-term follow-up of 276 consecutive patients.British journal of urology,81(5), 686-691.
Yanagisawa, T.,
Mori, K.,
Motlagh, R. S.,
Kawada, T.,
Mostafaei, H.,
Quhal, F.,
Laukhtina, E.,
Rajwa, P.,
... Shariat, S. F.
(2022).En Bloc Resection for Bladder Tumors: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Its Differential Effect on Safety, Recurrence and Histopathology.The Journal of urology,207(4), 754-768.
Ye, Z.,
Hu, J.,
Song, X.,
Li, F.,
Zhao, X.,
Chen, S.,
Wang, X.,
He, D.,
... Wang, D.
(2015).A comparison of NBI and WLI cystoscopy in detecting non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A prospective, randomized and multi-center study.Scientific reports,5, 10905.
Zhao, H.,
Chan, V. W.,
Castellani, D.,
Chan, E. O.,
Ong, W. L. K.,
Peng, Q.,
Moschini, M.,
Krajewski, W.,
... Teoh, J. Y.
(2021).Intravesical Chemohyperthermia vs. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Instillation for Intermediate- and High-Risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in surgery,8, 775527.
Zheng, C.,
Lv, Y.,
Zhong, Q.,
Wang, R.,
& Jiang, Q.
(2012).Narrow band imaging diagnosis of bladder cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.BJU international,110(11 Pt B), E680-7.